Space Weather

Space Weather

Space weather describes changing environmental conditions in near-Earth space. Magnetic fields, radiation, particles and matter, which have been ejected from the Sun, can interact with the Earth’s upper atmosphere and surrounding magnetic field to produce a  variety of effects.

Image courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams

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Aurora forecasts

Northern Hemisphere

There is now a reduced risk of further minor CME influence during the first half of the three-day period, after the passage of a minor transient early on 26 Apr. For aurorae to become visible at high geomagnetic latitudes (e.g. northern Scotland) it is now likely that inbound fast winds and any CMEs would have to be coincident, which is low confidence. The result is that more reliably Quiet geomagnetic conditions should develop later in the period.

Southern Hemisphere

There is now a reduced risk of further minor CME influence during the first half of the three-day period, after the passage of a minor transient early on 26 Apr. For aurorae to become visible at high geomagnetic latitudes (e.g. the extreme south of New Zealand) it is now likely that inbound fast winds and any CMEs would have to be coincident, which is low confidence. The result is that more reliably Quiet geomagnetic conditions should develop later in the period.

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Forecast overview

Space Weather Forecast Headline: Reducing risk of R, G and S-scale events during the four-day period.

Solar Activity: Solar activity was Low in the past 24 hours, with a modest Common-class flare observed at 26/0636 UTC from a sunspot region in the northwest. There are currently eight sunspot regions on the Earth-facing disc, one of which is unnumbered. The sunspot cluster in the southwest has now rotated just beyond the western limb. There are a few moderately sized sunspots on the Earth-facing disc, which are showing some minor developments, with one near the centre-disc and the other located in the northwest, which is approaching the western limb. A new and unnumbered region has emerged in the northeast. The remaining sunspot regions are all relatively small, simple and stable.

The cadence of observed Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) remains relatively high on coronagraphs, although those observed in the period were either high latitude limb features or else far-sided. A filament (arc of plasma) and a prominence eruption were observed lifting off the southeast limb at 26/1830 UTC which has produced a CME. This is currently under-going analysis for any potential Earth-directed component. Otherwise, no Earth-directed CMEs have been observed in coronagraph imagery in the past 24 hours.

Solar Wind / Geomagnetic Activity: Solar winds have been at background, peaking at 387km/s at 26/0116 UTC, due to the weak arrival of a glancing CME (shortly after midnight), but despite this, solar winds have remained in a slow-regime throughout the period. The IMF, reached Moderate values, with the all important north-south component, consistently positive (southward). 

The net result of the above solar wind parameters started the period Quiet (Kp1-2), increasing to Unsettled to Active intervals (Kp3-4), with a period of G1/Minor Storm (Kp 5) observed between 26/1200-1800 UTC, due to the arrival of either a weak CME, or the Co-rotating Interaction Region (CIR) ahead of a coronal hole fast wind, although this is currently uncertain.

Energetic Particles / Solar Radiation: Solar radiation levels were very slightly above background levels (since 24/1400UTC) with the culprit most likely to be associated with southwestern quadrant Moderate-class flare activity.

Four-Day Space Weather Forecast Summary

Solar Activity: The X-ray forecast should see decreasing risks overall into the coming UTC weekend, as the cluster of southwestern regions more fully rotates off the Earth-facing side. Likely Moderate-class activity should fall to a chance during this time, with Strong-class showing a similar decrease within a daily slight chance.

Solar Wind / Geomagnetic Activity: There is now a reduced risk of further minor CME influence during the first half of the four-day period after the passage of a minor CME in the current UTC day. Any CME may combine with an emerging fast wind into the coming UTC weekend to perhaps give a peak slight chance of Minor Geomagnetic Storm G1 as a result. From here, the chances of further such incidences should fall, with fast winds emanating from lower solar latitude 'coronal holes' perhaps glancing Earth in turn into the new UTC week. The result is that more reliably quiet geomagnetic conditions should develop later in the period.

Energetic Particles / Solar Radiation: Solar radiation is likely to remain at Background levels, but with a daily slight chance of reaching the S1/Minor Radiation Storm threshold, now judged to gradually reduce later in the four days with the continuing passage of the southwestern cluster of sunspot groups onto the far side.

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Solar imagery

SDO AIA-193

This channel highlights the outer atmosphere of the Sun - called the corona - as well as hot flare plasma. Hot active regions, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections will appear bright here. The dark areas - called coronal holes - are places where very little radiation is emitted, yet are the main source of solar wind particles.

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SDO AIA-304

This channel is especially good at showing areas where cooler dense plumes of plasma (filaments and prominences) are located above the visible surface of the Sun. Many of these features either can't be seen or appear as dark lines in the other channels. The bright areas show places where the plasma has a high density.

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