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or very wet. Elsewhere rainfall was near normal. Outlook: Over the next three months, it is likely to be drier than normal across western India and parts of Pakistan. Eastern parts of India and the southern half of Myanmar are more likely to be wetter than normal. Across southeast Asia, much

during the month (dry season). Climate Outlook Asia: June to March Current Status 10 Current Status – Southern Asia Current Status: Temperature Current Status: Rainfall June July August June July August Pakistan Mixed (1) Mixed (1) Mixed (1) Very Wet Very Wet Very Dry (5) India Mixed (3) Hot Hot (4

/maproom/. Additional Information: (1) Note: Wet or very wet over northern parts of Sumatra and Borneo (2) Note: Wet over much of Java (3) Note: Dry in the far east, wet in the west * Region usually experiences less than 10mm/month rainfall during the month (dry season). Climate Outlook Asia: August

Center and the IRI Map Room: http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/. Additional Information: (1) Note: Warm in the west, normal in the east (2) Note: Very wet in the north, normal* elsewhere * Region usually experiences less than 10mm/month rainfall during the month (dry season). Climate Outlook Asia

, east Hot and elsewhere near normal. ^^^Note: Northern Pakistan was very wet in November. Little rainfall observed across the rest of the country. * Region usually experiences less than 10mm/month rainfall during the month (dry season). Climate Outlook Asia: September to June Current Status 11 Current

Indonesia outside of the main wet season (April to October). The frequency of intense rainfall events is expected to increase across the region. Conversely, the number of consecutive dry days*** are projected to increase across the Maritime Southeast Asia by 5-15 days per year by the 2050s

and wetter and stormier winters (Hunt and Zaz, 2023). When ENSO is positive, it leads to wetter than average winter in Central Asia (Chen et al., 2018). A summary of drivers of climate variability and their regional relevance for Central and South Asia is provided in Table C1. 14 Table C1: Summary

. By the 2050s, all South Asia will become significantly wetter in the monsoon season (June to September), particularly in southern Pakistan and western India. By the 2050s, the eastern Himalayas, northern India, southern Nepal, and Bhutan will become drier in winter. In the high mountain areas of South

drivers of the South Asian climate are the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). These are irregular coupled atmosphere-ocean oscillations which drive variability in monsoon rainfall from year-to-year. In general, the warm (cool) phase of ENSO results in a drier (wetter

surface temperature and sea level), precipitation, by a significant margin, exhibits the most uncertainty in respect to spatial climate trends across Southeast Asia. Projected changes for 2050 in rainfall over Southeast Asia vary, depending on model, sub-region, and season (high confidence