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data available, Hawnby (north-west of Helmsley) has reported the most intense rainfall, including just over 50 mm in a 30-minute period. The Hawnby 3-hour, 1-hour and 30-minute totals all generate return periods in excess of 200 years (using the Flood Estimation Handbook method). 19 June 2005 rainfall

, Kings School. 27-hour rainfall total (0900 UTC on the 29th to 1200 UTC on the 30th) of 187 mm, which would give a return period >200 years. Estimated 160 mm in 3 hours (period ending 0300 UTC), which would give a return period >200 years. Estimated 135 mm in 2 hours (period ending 0200 UTC), which

and then affecting exposed areas further south. However, as rainfall totals accumulated the focus of concern shi ed from strong winds to flooding, including large river catchments such as the Severn and Thames. Finally, in early January, strong winds, combining with high spring tides and river flows

They were completed by the observer tasked with emptying the rain gauge. They record a variety of daily, weekly and monthly totals depending on how often the gauge was emptied. The cards are held in decadal boxes within which they are then arranged by location and year. Example of a rainfall card

on 14 October before finally clearing the south-east. (Thanks to Sharon Jewell, Observations R&D) The map below shows rainfall totals for the 4 days of 11 to 14 October 2018 from this event. Western parts of the UK received well over 50mm - in particular across upland areas with 100 to 150mm or more

recorded in Porthmadog, Gywnedd on 26 February.  In total 21 locations in the Met Office observing-network broke previous national (England, Scotland, Wales) records, some of these on multiple days. Overall it was the seventh warmest, sixth sunniest, and twenty-third driest winter in series from

. To the right is the average number of birds counted on a survey each month, and despite the totals being quite variable, there is a modest increase from 2014 to 2017. Species diversity has also increased over the past four years, where 2016 saw a record number of 45 different species. 120 100 80 60 40 20

in the series from 1884, marginally ahead of 5.28°C in 2020. For England and Wales combined, this was the second warmest winter on record, just behind 2016. The UK provisionally recorded 445.8mm of rainfall, 129% the 1991-2020 average and the eighth-wettest winter. Rainfall totals were above average for all

100 80 Average number of observations 2014 2015 2016 2017 To the right is the average number of birds counted on a survey each month, and despite the totals being quite variable, the mean trend line shows a decrease from winter through to summer, followed by an increase in sightings in autumn. 60 40

ON THE IMPORTANCE OF POLARIZATION IN HELIOSPHERIC IMAGERS S. J. Tappin RAL Space Introduction ● ● ● Heliospheric imagers, have been shown to be a powerful tool for tracking CMEs (and other solar wind structures) through the heliosphere. Hitherto they have only detected total intensity. Coronagraphs