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accounting for differences in model ensembles, method and emissions scenarios is beyond the scope of this report. © Crown copyright 2024, Met Office Page 9 of 10 References Christidis, N., P. A. Stott, A. Scaife, A. Arribas, G. S. Jones, D. Copsey, J. R. Knight, and W. J. Tennant, 2013: A new

effect of urban or forested areas. The speeds are in m/s (1 m/s = 1.94 knots = 2.24 mph). Why is the period 1961 to 1990 used for the long-term averages? The 30-year period 1961 to 1990 has been designated as the international standard reference period for climate change assessment by the World

Technical Note 107, Available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive/publications/science/climate-sciencetechnical-notes Christidis, N., P. A. Stott, A. Scaife, A. Arribas, G. S. Jones, D. Copsey, J. R. Knight, and W. J. Tennant, 2013: A new HadGEM3-A based system

, Hadley Centre Technical Note 107, Available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive/publications/science/climate-sciencetechnical-notes Christidis, N., P. A. Stott, A. Scaife, A. Arribas, G. S. Jones, D. Copsey, J. R. Knight, and W. J. Tennant, 2013: A new HadGEM3-A based system

The model can predict multi-year El Niño events up to 18 months when initialized near a mature El Niño state (Nov 0 ), but underestimates Niño3.4 SST anomalies in the subsequent year (Nov +1 ). Composited temporal evolution of SST, 10m wind anomalies in the equatorial Pacific (5°S-5°N) for multi-year

attribution of extreme events, Hadley Centre Technical Note 107, Available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive/publications/science/climate-sciencetechnical-notes Christidis, N., P. A. Stott, A. Scaife, A. Arribas, G. S. Jones, D. Copsey, J. R. Knight, and W. J. Tennant, 2013

of interest only, and does not constitute official advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of information contained in this publication. All authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically. This work should be cited as: Carter, S

attribution of extreme events, Hadley Centre Technical Note 107, Available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive/publications/science/climate-sciencetechnical-notes Christidis, N., P. A. Stott, A. Scaife, A. Arribas, G. S. Jones, D. Copsey, J. R. Knight, and W. J. Tennant, 2013

severe for livestock. s of Air temperature at Lake Vyrnwy, Powys 15 March to 5 April 2013 Historical context The snow and low temperatures were unusual because they occurred so late in the year - in late March - and this was the most significant spell of snow and low temperatures at this time of year

ensembles for near real-time attribution of extreme events, Hadley Centre Technical Note 107, Available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive/publications/science/climate-sciencetechnical-notes Christidis, N., P. A. Stott, A. Scaife, A. Arribas, G. S. Jones, D. Copsey, J. R