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wind strength violent storm 11, perhaps hurricane force 12 later. The chart below shows hourly mean sea level pressure recorded at Culdrose (Cornwall), Hurn (Dorset), St Catherine’s Point (Isle of Wight), Kenley Airfield (Greater London) and Wattisham (Suffolk). These show the sharp drop and rise

of the summer downpours meant there could be some sharp contrasts with, for example, some parts of London receiving much closer to average rainfall.  In addition, despite the mid-month heatwave, some unsettled and thundery conditions were in force for much of the second part of the month, which even saw

, but the north-east stayed dry. The 20th was cold and bright in the north and south-east, cloudier elsewhere, with some showers in Cornwall. There was a sharp frost in the south-east on the 21st, followed by a sunny day, but cloudier milder weather spread from the north-west. Rain and hill snow spread south

square km below the 1981-2010 average. Notably, extent dropped sharply at the end of March, leading to a period of record low extent lasting until late April. This occurred in association with strong southerly winds in the Bering Sea and Barents Sea regions, and rapid sea ice retreat in these areas

) and a sharp or rumbling sound (thunder). Thunderstorms are associated with convective clouds and are most often, but not necessarily, accompanied by precipitation at the ground. Cumulonimbus clouds (Latin: cumulus – heap; nimbus – rainy cloud) Heavy and dense cloud, of considerable vertical extent

, and slightly below average in the Indian Ocean sector. Extent was slightly above average in the western Weddell Sea, the western Ross Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea (Figure 8). This pattern contrasts sharply with that observed during the exceptionally low sea ice period of June-September 2023, when

years in the satellite era with estimates of statistical significance overlaid. The figure demonstrates that for a long time Antarctic sea ice extent was characterised by gently, then sharply rising trends (left and centre of figure) but more recently by rapid decline (top right). The persistent low

across a year: Due to the relative distance of the Midlands from the sea, the annual average temperature range is relatively large. Sharp winter frosts are common and very hot days may also occur in summer. Winter mean daily minimum temperatures are below 0°C whilst summer mean daily maximum

of weather that the region experiences across a year: Due to the relative distance of the Midlands from the sea, the annual average temperature range is relatively large. Sharp winter frosts are common and very hot days may also occur in summer. Winter mean daily minimum temperatures are below 0°C

sharply defined. This transition zone or boundary is called a front. An air mass may cover several millions of square kilometres and extend vertically throughout the troposphere. Sources of an air mass The temperature of an air mass will depend largely on its point of origin and its subsequent