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square km below the 1981-2010 average. Notably, extent dropped sharply at the end of March, leading to a period of record low extent lasting until late April. This occurred in association with strong southerly winds in the Bering Sea and Barents Sea regions, and rapid sea ice retreat in these areas

) and a sharp or rumbling sound (thunder). Thunderstorms are associated with convective clouds and are most often, but not necessarily, accompanied by precipitation at the ground. Cumulonimbus clouds (Latin: cumulus – heap; nimbus – rainy cloud) Heavy and dense cloud, of considerable vertical extent

, and slightly below average in the Indian Ocean sector. Extent was slightly above average in the western Weddell Sea, the western Ross Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea (Figure 8). This pattern contrasts sharply with that observed during the exceptionally low sea ice period of June-September 2023, when

years in the satellite era with estimates of statistical significance overlaid. The figure demonstrates that for a long time Antarctic sea ice extent was characterised by gently, then sharply rising trends (left and centre of figure) but more recently by rapid decline (top right). The persistent low

across a year: Due to the relative distance of the Midlands from the sea, the annual average temperature range is relatively large. Sharp winter frosts are common and very hot days may also occur in summer. Winter mean daily minimum temperatures are below 0°C whilst summer mean daily maximum

of weather that the region experiences across a year: Due to the relative distance of the Midlands from the sea, the annual average temperature range is relatively large. Sharp winter frosts are common and very hot days may also occur in summer. Winter mean daily minimum temperatures are below 0°C

sharply defined. This transition zone or boundary is called a front. An air mass may cover several millions of square kilometres and extend vertically throughout the troposphere. Sources of an air mass The temperature of an air mass will depend largely on its point of origin and its subsequent

a ‘step’ in the timeseries. This may present confusion for stakeholders looking to use projections beyond 2100 to make decisions, giving the false impression of a period where sea-level could decrease sharply before rising again. • The different treatment of vertical land motion and landwater storage

of the image is the Northern Lights; Oil platforms and ships in the North Sea and The English Channel; Urban lights that are beneath cloud. These appear blurred; Urban lights in clear skies. These are sharp and bright. Illuminated roads can be clearly seen, such as the E35 and A14 in Northern Italy

moderating effects on temperature, the annual range is more pronounced than in most parts of the UK. Sharp winter frosts are common and there are occasional very hot summer days, particularly in the south and east of the region. These temperature extremes of both winter and summer are a key