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of the dateline. This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation of a global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation. This coupled atmosphere–ocean phenomenon, with preferred time scales of two to about seven years, is known as the El Niño- Southern

and statistical forecasts into a reproducible, objective procedure that is verifiable is the seasonal forecasting approach recommended by WMO (2020). 12 The NAO represents variability in sea-level pressure (SLP) in the North Atlantic. In the average state of the atmosphere, the North Atlantic surface

conditions at each individual station can be represented on a surface chart by means of a station circle or triangle plot. The land station plot can represent all the elements reported from that station, typically examples are: • Air (dry-bulb) temperature • Dewpoint temperature • Atmospheric pressure

trigger coastal landslides that damage pipelines. Sea surface temperature and baroclinic waves Information on sea surface temperatures and the density and pressure of waves is necessary for designing pipelines and offshore infrastructure. Solar irradiance Measurements of solar power are required

since become identified with warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean east of the dateline. This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation of a global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation. This coupled atmosphere–ocean phenomenon, with preferred

and techniques; it would be more beneficial for me. sea surface temperature and fish migration/impact on ocean nutrition (food for fish), sea surface temperature -pressure and cyclone, storm surge Data processing and analysis, projection methods, case studies etc. Evidence based policy making GBM

temperature alone. A number of ‘Essential Climate Variables (ECVs)’ have been defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) programme, and provide the broadest possible picture of the Earth’s climate. These include: � � � � � Atmospheric surface: air temperature, precipitation, air pressure, water

What is a hurricane? A hurricane is an area of low pressure over tropical or sub-tropical waters, with organised convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and sustained winds near the surface of at least 74 m.p.h. (and stronger gusts) circulating either anti-clockwise (in the northern hemisphere

associated with the typical low pressure and frontal systems that cross the UK to be recorded. Some weather features occur on smaller scales (for example thunderstorms) and may evade the surface network altogether. For the detection of these satellites and weather radars play an important role

a static pressure head (figure 19), a device designed in such a way that the dynamical effects of wind are minimised. Figure 19. Static pressure head. Atmospheric pressure varies greatly with height, dropping near the surface by about 1 hPa (or 1 millibar) for each 10 m in the vertical. To make sense