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locate storms within 200 miles of the radar station. In addition, tropical cyclones are tracked by satellites, which provide very useful information both to forecasters and numerical forecast models. "Official" responsibility for forecasting tropical cyclones in the areas affected lies with the regional

simulations that have not been initialised with observations are shown in green. In both cases, the shading represents the probable range, such that the observations are expected to lie within the shading 90% of the time. All temperatures are represented as anomalies from the 1981-2010 mean. The results

30° above the horizon, have an apparent width of more than three fingers at arm's length. When in the form of dark rolls (top photograph) the edges often merge together to form a continuous layer. Sometimes the elements lie in parallel bands (middle photograph). Due to perspective these may appear

with a hardening of the urban environment and inadequate drainage to deal with high quantities of water, will place urban areas at increased risk of flooding. Most of West Africa’s largest cities are coastal and low-lying and are therefore susceptible to inundation by sea water. Due to higher sea levels

The differences in these curves show how the probabilities for the coming periods differ compared to past years. Where the solid curve (corresponding to this year's Outlook) lies above the dashed curve (normal likelihood), the temperature, precipitation or wind speed at that point has a greater-than

, over the Pennines, Cumbrian Hills, and more widely in Scotland, with up to 15cm falling over the Shetlands on the 7th. A cold easterly airstream together with lying snow allowed temperatures to fall to -10°C or below over Sutherland. The UK got a brief respite from the wet and windy weather between

the Pennines, Cumbrian Hills, and more widely in Scotland, with up to 15cm falling over the Shetlands on the 7th. A cold easterly airstream together with lying snow allowed temperatures to fall to -10°C or below over Sutherland. The UK got a brief respite from the wet and windy weather between the 25th

below -7°C being reported in parts of Scotland and southern England. Snow showers off the North sea brought some significant falls for parts of northeast England with up to 10cm of lying snow in County Durham. Notes The Met Office National Meteorological Library and Archive holds a near-continuous

) Instantaneous snow depth water equivalent Liquid water equivalent (LWE) depth of the snow lying on the surface (ground). Typically water is 10 times as dense as snow so multiplying by 10 gives an approximate depth of the snow although wet snow can be significantly denser and powder snow much less

outcomes follow a ‘bell curve’ (normal) distribution symmetrical around the best estimate. In practice, the distribution may be multi-modal rather than normal. For this reason, forecasts were made for the probability that the number of storms will lie in pre-defined ranges, or categories (e.g. 10