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compare their bottom-up emissions data reported to the UNFCCC with top-down methods. Currently very few countries (the UK, Switzerland, Australia and the USA) have this capability, however, as we seek to reduce GHG emissions and reach Net Zero, it will be important for nations to be able to verify

conditions in the Arctic following a record-warm May, and a very mild winter (albeit less mild than the preceding three winters). Winter 2018-2019 was less mild than the last three winters in the Arctic, but still much warmer than the 1981-2010 average. Evidence from satellite measurements and models

to obs and reanalyses. © Crown Copyright 2025, Met Office African Easterly Waves GA4 GA6 GA7 GA8 GAL9 ←time ←time ←time ←time ←time W E W E W E W E W E • Mean/max vorticity and number increases with each GA version • GAL9 has very good mean/max vorticity when compared to ERAI www.metoffice.gov.uk

the excess heat from your body it can be very serious indeed and the extreme heat seen in recent years, such as the July 2022 heatwave, has resulted in a significant number of excess deaths.   Keeping cool is particularly problematic when the heat is ‘humid’. This is when the air contains lots of water

be a bubble of glowing soil particles which was formed when the lightning strike hit the ground.  Rocket lightning - a very rare and unexplained form of lightning in which the speed of propagation of the lightning strike is slow enough to be perceptible to the eye. These are normally seen at the top

the lowest temperatures occurred around 0900 UTC, this accounted for the very low temperatures on both 11th and 12th. The map below shows daily minimum temperatures across Scotland and north-east England on 11 February 2021. Minima were widely -5 to 10°C across northern England, while

storms, over the Sahara caused by the outflow of air from a series of large thunderstorms. In large storms this outflow of air can cause very strong winds at the surface which can lift dust into the atmosphere. The dust is spreading radially from the storms. We can see clouds forming at the leading edge

: “Temperature range is a very interesting issue when it comes to the ability of Britain’s railways to run safely.  “At the cold end of the spectrum, the steel on our railways contracts, which can put them under massive tension and expose any underlying flaws. When it gets hotter, the steel expands

The likelihood Although passengers and crew in flight during an extreme solar radiation event would receive an additional dose of radiation the increase cancer risk from one of these events is only 0.1%. There are very few high latitude flights made from the UK as these routes are typically made

 record set in 2022, in a series dating back to 1884.   “We’re increasingly seeing UK temperatures break new ground in our changing climate, as demonstrated by a new highest UK mean temperature record just three years after the last record.   “This very warm year is in line with expected consequences