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24 March 2017 Alex West, Jeff Ridley and Ed Blockley Briefing on the state of sea ice during winter 2016-17 Arctic sea ice Executive summary • Arctic sea ice extent during winter 2016-17 has been exceptionally low; as measured by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), maximum sea ice extent

the summer moving the ice across and out of the Arctic basin, and also due to pre-conditioning of the snow and ice which is thinner than usual in the Eastern Arctic at the start of the melt season. Published in:  Keen, A. B., H. T. Hewitt and J. K. Ridley, A case study of a modelled episode of low Arctic sea

indicated by the shaded areas. Data are from NSIDC. Figure 8. Antarctic sea ice extent on 10th June 2018, with 1981-2010 average extent indicated in orange, and regions referred to in the text labelled. Underlying map and data courtesy of NSIDC. References Keen, A. B., Hewitt, H. T., and Ridley, J. K

and GO7: a traceable hierarchy of model resolutions”, Geoscientific Model Development, 11, 3187-3213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3187-2018, 2018.​​​​​   https://www.bodc.ac.uk/projects/data_management/uk/osmosis/  Ridley, J. K., Blockley, E. W., Keen, A. B., Rae, J. G. L., West, A. E

, Kyriaki Lekakou, Adrian Lock, Gill Martin, Pierre Mathiot, Alex Megann, Andrew Meijers, Ja-Yeon Moon, Olaf Morgenstern, Rachel North, George Nurser, Yeon-Hee Park, Leighton Regayre, Malcolm Roberts, Jose Rodriguez, Jeff Ridley, Rick Rawlins, Bablu Sinha, Beoncheol Shin, Adrian Semple, Dave Storkey

standard deviation intervals indicated by the shaded areas. Data are from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). References Keen, A. B., Hewitt, H. T., Ridley, J. K. (2013) A case study of a modelled episode of low Arctic sea ice. Climate Dynamics, Volume 41, Issue 5, pp 1229–1244. doi

? (ML?) Adjustment toward equilibrium of HadGEM3-GC31-LL piControl GMST TOA adjusts towards zero through a succession of abrupt events (flushing) over 1000s of years Courtesy Gareth Jones, Jeff Ridley DOI:10.1029/2021GL097171 www.metoffice.gov.uk TOA © Crown Copyright 2017, Met Office

. References Keen, A. B., Hewitt, H. T., Ridley, J. K. (2013) A case study of a modelled episode of low Arctic sea ice. Climate Dynamics, Volume 41, Issue 5, pp 1229–1244. doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1679-y Rayner, N. A.; Parker, D. E.; Horton, E. B.; Folland, C. K.; Alexander, L. V.; Rowell, D. P.; Kent

Alex West, Ed Blockley and Jeff Ridley

are from NSIDC.   References Keen, A. B., Hewitt, H. T., Ridley, J. K. (2013) A case study of a modelled episode of low Arctic sea ice. Climate Dynamics, Volume 41, Issue 5, pp 1229–1244. doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1679-y Rayner, N. A.; Parker, D. E.; Horton, E. B.; Folland, C. K.; Alexander, L. V