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fuelled hopes for more rain to come for spring. Did it? Well, yes and no. Spring rainfall across the UK has been very slightly above average (106%). But as always with averages, examining the detail can reveal interesting patterns. England has enjoyed well above average rainfall, with counties like

storms, over the Sahara caused by the outflow of air from a series of large thunderstorms. In large storms this outflow of air can cause very strong winds at the surface which can lift dust into the atmosphere. The dust is spreading radially from the storms. We can see clouds forming at the leading edge

sphere could be a bubble of glowing soil particles which was formed when the lightning strike hit the ground.  Rocket lightning - a very rare and unexplained form of lightning in which the speed of propagation of the lightning strike is slow enough to be perceptible to the eye. These are normally

. Reanalyses are very useful tools that provide globally complete representations of our climate by blending a weather forecast model with observations from weather stations, ships, buoys, radiosondes and satellites. However, they have issues of long-term stability because of the changing input data

The likelihood Although passengers and crew in flight during an extreme solar radiation event would receive an additional dose of radiation the increase cancer risk from one of these events is only 0.1%. There are very few high latitude flights made from the UK as these routes are typically made

conditions in the Arctic following a record-warm May, and a very mild winter (albeit less mild than the preceding three winters). Winter 2018-2019 was less mild than the last three winters in the Arctic, but still much warmer than the 1981-2010 average. Evidence from satellite measurements and models

season. He said: “Temperature range is a very interesting issue when it comes to the ability of Britain’s railways to run safely.  “At the cold end of the spectrum, the steel on our railways contracts, which can put them under massive tension and expose any underlying flaws. When it gets hotter

or off-load the excess heat from your body it can be very serious indeed and the extreme heat seen in recent years, such as the July 2022 heatwave, has resulted in a significant number of excess deaths.   Keeping cool is particularly problematic when the heat is ‘humid’. This is when the air contains

of sweet potatoes with over 3,000 members. He said they have collection centres through which they send down climate information down to their members who are the farmers. Muga emphasized that climate information is very vital to their operations because as a developing country many farmers ibn Kenya

and wind. Key challenges in this area are cost effective provision of climate quality records that need to be very highly uniform (see GCOS principles). provision of key measurements including visibility, weather and cloud to continue the manual records where these are no longer made. Continuous