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disruption and delays for passengers and cargo. Through a better understanding of where potentially hazardous weather conditions will occur en-route, airlines and Air Traffic Control can reduce the number of reactive diversions which cause additional fuel burn resulting in increased CO2 emissions

through a glass sphere and uses the resulting beam to burn a line into the card during the period when the sun is shining. The length of time covered by each record type varies greatly. For example sunshine cards will only cover one day, barograms can cover a week and anemogram may include as much

problems than usual On 1st August 2013 the Omega controller for trap 2 failed, causing trap 2 to overheat. A replacement Omega was supplied from another instrument in Bristol and installed. At this point it was determined that trap 2 had burned out and confirmed when the Medusa vacuum shell was opened

Kingdom from 1861 to the present, and from around the world • marine weather log books • a number of the earliest weather diaries dating back to the late 18 th century • artefacts, records and charts of historical interest; for example, a chart detailing the weather conditions for the D-Day Landings

for airlines is considered to be one way of contributing towards Jet Zero (though care must be taken to ensure that fuel burn used to avoid areas of contrail formation does not negate the benefits of doing so). Piers also provide a brief update on the new Supercomputer, highlighting several key benefits

the standard observing time for synoptic purposes in the UK and for international exchange is hourly, i.e. each station reports 24 observations a day at 0000, 0100, 0200, ... 2200 and 2300 UTC. The central system at Exeter generates hourly observations encoded in internationally agreed formats

, air traffic control, airlines and ground crews rely on every day. These services decrease accident risk, protect refuelling and maintenance teams, reduce fuel burn through better routing, and minimise costly diversions and delays, preserving millions in operational value and keeping tourism, trade

al., 2022). • Yemen – increasing water scarcity (Odhiambo, 2017) • Palestine - Severe water shortages and Page 2 of 41 Hazard Present-day Future desertification (ref) Fire weather • Iraq - Observed increases in burned area, mainly in NE and N Iraq (Rasul et al., 2021) • Syria - Forest fires e.g., Oct

by the thermal gradient between the lake surface and the surrounding land. As the land warms during the course of the day, a lake breeze is generated, which converges with large scale easterlies and promotes convection over the land on the eastern side of the lake (Ba and Nicholson 1998). Anyah et al