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and communicate the impact on people and systems. These are numbered scales analogous to those used to describe hurricanes or earthquakes. They describe the level of disturbance and possible impacts for three types of space weather, radio blackouts (R scale), geomagnetic storms (G scale) and solar radiation

hurricane Joaquin in order to accurately convey the uncertainty surrounding the possible storm track. Members of the PWSCG had noted in the media that they saw there was a clear explanation of the probability surrounding the possible storm track which they felt was a positive outcome. The MO blog

it — and in the first page of his 1807 diary he produced second and much more recognisable scale with 12 forces ending in hurricane and descriptions of how each would affect a standard Man of War (a Royal Naval Frigate). Today this would be termed an impact scale. Beaufort letters are less well known but were in use

, N J, Fereday, D, Murphy, J M, Pohlmann, H and Scaife, A A (2010). Skilful multi-year predictions of Atlantic hurricane frequency. Nature Geoscience, 3, 846-849, doi:10.1038/ngeo1004 3 See Research News ‘Decadal Forecasting - What is it and what does it tell us?’ for further information

will be an evolution of the current system. A Beta trial for Hazard Manager will be released in November including mobile access. The group were also given an update on the international support MO had provided for events such as hurricane Dorian. Storm naming The group were updated on the latest developments

, as one depression after another influenced the weather over the UK. On the 21st and 22nd, a system incorporating the remnants of Hurricane Ernesto brought strong winds and heavy rain to all regions, with the northwest and Scotland once again bearing the brunt. Totals here ranged from 40mm, with some

line over Western Cuba. Weather Forecast 11:89–102 Amador JA (1998) A climatic feature of the tropical Americas: the trade wind easterly jet. Top Meteor Oceanogr 5:1–13 Amador JA, Magaña VO (1999) Dynamics of the low level jet over the Caribbean sea. Preprints, 23rd conference on hurricanes

also be affected by the La Nina episode. Typically, during a La Nina, the North Atlantic Hurricane Season (June – November, currently above-average with 19 named storms) is slightly more active, Pacific cyclones are more likely to run due west towards the Philippines and Indochina rather than curve

incorporating the remnants of Hurricane Ernesto brought strong winds and heavy rain to all regions, with the northwest and Scotland once again bearing the brunt. Totals here ranged from 40mm, with some places in western Scotland touching 75mm. We had one of our own homegrown storms pay a call

–63 13–18 11 Storm 64–72 19–24 12 Hurricane >=73 25–31 Figure 28. Wind arrows used between January 1914 and December 1924. Wind arrows (ff) used between 1 January 1925 and 29 March 1936 Symbol Beaufort force Wind Speed (mph) Symbol Beaufort force Wind Speed (mph) 0 Calm <1 7 High wind 32–38 1 Light