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) showing an increased chance of warmer, wetter winters and hotter, drier summers along with an increase in the frequency and intensity of extremes. This is seen in the Probabilistic (25km), Global (60km), Regional (12km) and Local (2.2km) projections.” www.metoffice.gov.uk www.metoffice.gov.uk 11

spring and summer of 2025 were the hottest on record. During spring and summer seasons the UK experienced periods dominated by high-pressure systems resulting in high temperatures, clear-skies, and extended dry conditions. This contributed to 2025 also being the sunniest year on record for the UK

on a section of the work in UKCP. • The Headline Findings can be found here: Headline Findings. • Statements such as: “General climate change trends projected over UK land for the 21st century in UKCP18 are broadly consistent with earlier projections (UKCP09) showing an increased chance of warmer, wetter

is the current La Niña event, marked by cooler-than-usual sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean which are generally associated with modified global weather patterns that make many tropical land regions wetter and cooler. These increase plant growth, temporarily increasing the uptake

. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south west is from this source. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of rainfall falls from showers

and infrastructure more resilient to high impact weather. To do so requires assessment of worst-case scenarios: how bad could it be? The wet winter of 2013/14 brought widespread flooding to the UK. Is this the wettest winter season that we should expect in a present-day climate? The risks from compound

., 2022) and with these 30 grouped together into 8 patterns (McSweeney & Thornton, 2020). Both approaches find that the weather types compare well with recent observations in the recent climate. Both also project a tendency towards more wet and unsettled conditions over the UK in winter under a high

. But in industries such as transport, renewable energy and food security, people need to look further ahead to what the next season, few years or even decades, could hold. Over the past four years, the Met Office has been coordinating a ground-breaking project to improve climate services in Europe: EUPORIAS. 11

. These are available from their respective websites. The heatwave ‘season’ is defined as 1st June to 15th September; although the arrangements described in this section would equally apply outside of these dates were the requisite high temperatures to occur. Heatwave planning forecast The heatwave planning

to determine which hazard to prioritise. Hazards may operate on different timescales, such as a seasonal timescale (severe wet season, severe winter, extended heat wave), a monthly timescale (severe wet period, cold, hot period), a weekly timescale (typhoons, hurricanes), a daily timescale